N에 의해 Show evidence, standard, or method

N에 의해

It is attached to a noun to show its evidence, standard, or method.

이 피부병은 곰팡이균에 의해 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다.
The skin disease is known to be caused by fungi.

가치관은 개인의 경험에 의해 형성되고 축적된다.
Values are formed and accumulated by personal experience.

공금을 개인적으로 사용한 것으로 밝혀져 그는 회사 내규에 의해 해고되었다.
He was found to have used public money personally and was fired by the company’s internal regulations.

Conversation:

어? 인터넷 드라마에서 저 모자를 봤어. 요즘 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 인기라던데.
Huh? I saw that hat in an internet drama. I heard it’s popular in Internet shopping malls these days.

저건 갓이라고 하는데 조선 시대에 남자 양반들이 일상생활에서 쓰던 거야.
It’s called ‘gat’, and it was used by male yangbans in their daily lives during the Joseon Dynasty.

양반이라면 신분이 높은 사람을 말하는 거지?
Yangban means an aristocrat, right?

맞아. 조선 시대의 복식은 신분에 의해 정해졌는데 가장 높은 신분인 양반만 저 갓을 썼어.
That’s right. The costumes of the Joseon Dynasty were determined by their status, but only the highest rank, Yangban, wore that gat.

그럼 드라마에서 갓을 안 쓴 남자들은 신분이 낮은 사람들이야?
Then do you mean the guys who don’t wear gat in the drama are low-class people?

그럴 가능성이 있지. 중인, 상민, 천민 계급은 다른 종류의 모자를 썼대.
Possibly. It is said that the middle, the lower, and the merchant classes wore different kinds of hats.

Related words
gat
양반 yangban(aristocrat)
신분 status
복식 costume
중인 middle-class person
상민 merchant class person
천민 low-class person
계급 class

See also  V/A+ 지 않고 Negate the contents in the preceding clause but, instead, to list the contents of the latter clause

Source: Yonsei University. Korean Language Institute

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